Sejarah Internet

 

Sejarah Internet

Pada tahun 1969 Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat dalam proyek ARPA - ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) melakukan demontrasi bagaimana bisa melakukan komunikasi tanpa batasan jarak (jarak tak terhingga) melalui saluran telepon menggunakan hardware dan software komputer berbasis Sistem Operasi UNIX. Pada proyerk ARPANET tersebut setelah dirancang bentuk jaringan dengan standarisasi kehandalan dan seberapa besar informasi dapat dipindahkan untuk saling berbagi maka terbentuklah sebuah protokol baru yang dikenal TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

Tujuan semula dari proyek ARPANET sebenarnya hanya terbatas pada keperluan militer saja, pada waktu itu sistem jaringan komputer yang dibuat untuk menghubungkan komputer pada daerah/wilayah vital.

ARPANET pada tahun 1969 awalnya hanya menghubungkan 4 situs saja diantaranya yaitu Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah menjadi jaringan secara terpadu. Lalu pada bulan Oktober 1972 ARPANET diperkenalkan secara umum dan tidak lama kemudian berkembang sangat pesat di seluruh wilayah sampai ARPANET kesulitan dalam mengaturnya. Maka ARPANET di pecah menjadi dua bagian yaitu "MILNET" untuk keperluan militer dan ARPANET yang lebih kecil dalam keperluan non-militer. Seiring waktu gabungan antara kedua jaringan tersebut dikenal masyarakat luas dengan nama DARPA Internet dan kemudian disederhanakan lagi menjadi Internet yang seperti sekarang ini kita kenal. Istilah internet pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1982 dengan perkembangan name server yang memungkinkan para pengguna dapat terhubung kepada suatu host tertentu.

Internet telah berkembang sangat pesat membuat penggunanya semakin bertambah dan terus bertambah dengan berbagai layanan yang bisa didapatkan baik dalam mengakses informasi dari berbagai situs, komunikasi live chat, email gratis, dan berbagi data dengan secara langsung menggunakan software dan tools tertentu atau menggunakan File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Dalam penggunaan internet harus secara bijak menggunakannya dan juga menjaga keamanan komputer yang terhubung menggunakan antivirus terbaik agar terlindungi dari setiap aktivitas berselancar didunia maya.

Pengertian internet jaringan komputer sendiri semakin luas seiring perkembangan teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi disertai berbagai macam layanan online yang bisa didapatkan. penjelasan secara singkat mengenai internet tersebut diatas beserta sejarah awalnya yang sekarang ini kita melihat dan merasakan sendiri arti dari internet dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Banyak sekali fungsi dari internet baik untuk membantu dalam berbagai persoalan hidup dengan mendapatkan pemecahannya diberbagai situs, membantu pekerjaan dan bahkan internet itu sendiri dijadikan lahan pekerjaan oleh sebagian orang, membantu tugas sekolah dan juga sarana hiburan yang lengkap sekali disajikan di dunia online dengan terhubung ke internet.

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Kumpulan Kode HTML Symbol & Character Unik

	quot	"	quotation mark = APL quote
	amp	&	ampersand
	lt	<	less-than sign
	gt	>	greater-than sign
	nbsp		no-break space = non-breaking space
	iexcl	¡	inverted exclamation mark
	cent	¢	cent sign
	pound	£	pound sign
	curren	¤	currency sign
	yen	¥	yen sign = yuan sign
	brvbar	¦	broken bar = broken vertical bar
	sect	§	section sign
	uml	¨	diaeresis = spacing diaeresis
	copy	©	copyright sign
	ordf	ª	feminine ordinal indicator
	laquo	«	left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left pointing guillemet
	not	¬	not sign
	shy	­	soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen
	reg	®	registered sign = registered trade mark sign
	macr	¯	macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar
	deg	°	degree sign
	plusmn	±	plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign
	sup2	²	superscript two = superscript digit two = squared
	sup3	³	superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed
	acute	´	acute accent = spacing acute
	micro	µ	micro sign
	para	¶	pilcrow sign = paragraph sign
	middot	·	middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot
	cedil	¸	cedilla = spacing cedilla
	sup1	¹	superscript one = superscript digit one
	ordm	º	masculine ordinal indicator
	raquo	»	right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right pointing guillemet
	frac14	¼	vulgar fraction one quarter = fraction one quarter
	frac12	½	vulgar fraction one half = fraction one half
	frac34	¾	vulgar fraction three quarters = fraction three quarters
	iquest	¿	inverted question mark = turned question mark
	Agrave	À	latin capital letter A with grave = latin capital letter A grave
	Aacute	Á	latin capital letter A with acute
	Acirc	Â	latin capital letter A with circumflex
	Atilde	Ã	latin capital letter A with tilde
	Auml	Ä	latin capital letter A with diaeresis
	Aring	Å	latin capital letter A with ring above = latin capital letter A ring
	AElig	Æ	latin capital letter AE = latin capital ligature AE
	Ccedil	Ç	latin capital letter C with cedilla
	Egrave	È	latin capital letter E with grave
	Eacute	É	latin capital letter E with acute
	Ecirc	Ê	latin capital letter E with circumflex
	Euml	Ë	latin capital letter E with diaeresis
	Igrave	Ì	latin capital letter I with grave
	Iacute	Í	latin capital letter I with acute
	Icirc	Î	latin capital letter I with circumflex
	Iuml	Ï	latin capital letter I with diaeresis
	ETH	Ð	latin capital letter ETH
	Ntilde	Ñ	latin capital letter N with tilde
	Ograve	Ò	latin capital letter O with grave
	Oacute	Ó	latin capital letter O with acute
	Ocirc	Ô	latin capital letter O with circumflex
	Otilde	Õ	latin capital letter O with tilde
	Ouml	Ö	latin capital letter O with diaeresis
	times	×	multiplication sign
	Oslash	Ø	latin capital letter O with stroke = latin capital letter O slash
	Ugrave	Ù	latin capital letter U with grave
	Uacute	Ú	latin capital letter U with acute
	Ucirc	Û	latin capital letter U with circumflex
	Uuml	Ü	latin capital letter U with diaeresis
	Yacute	Ý	latin capital letter Y with acute
	THORN	Þ	latin capital letter THORN
	szlig	ß	latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed
	agrave	à	latin small letter a with grave = latin small letter a grave
	aacute	á	latin small letter a with acute
	acirc	â	latin small letter a with circumflex
	atilde	ã	latin small letter a with tilde
	auml	ä	latin small letter a with diaeresis
	aring	å	latin small letter a with ring above = latin small letter a ring
	aelig	æ	latin small letter ae = latin small ligature ae
	ccedil	ç	latin small letter c with cedilla
	egrave	è	latin small letter e with grave
	eacute	é	latin small letter e with acute
	ecirc	ê	latin small letter e with circumflex
	euml	ë	latin small letter e with diaeresis
	igrave	ì	latin small letter i with grave
	iacute	í	latin small letter i with acute
	icirc	î	latin small letter i with circumflex
	iuml	ï	latin small letter i with diaeresis
	eth	ð	latin small letter eth
	ntilde	ñ	latin small letter n with tilde
	ograve	ò	latin small letter o with grave
	oacute	ó	latin small letter o with acute
	ocirc	ô	latin small letter o with circumflex
	otilde	õ	latin small letter o with tilde
	ouml	ö	latin small letter o with diaeresis
	divide	÷	division sign
	oslash	ø	latin small letter o with stroke, = latin small letter o slash
	ugrave	ù	latin small letter u with grave
	uacute	ú	latin small letter u with acute
	ucirc	û	latin small letter u with circumflex
	uuml	ü	latin small letter u with diaeresis
	yacute	ý	latin small letter y with acute
	thorn	þ	latin small letter thorn with
	yuml	ÿ	latin small letter y with diaeresis
	OElig	Œ	latin capital ligature OE
	oelig	œ	latin small ligature oe ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages
	Scaron	Š	latin capital letter S with caron
	scaron	š	latin small letter s with caron
	Yuml	Ÿ	latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
	fnof	ƒ	latin small f with hook = function = florin
	circ	ˆ	modifier letter circumflex accent
	tilde	˜	small tilde
	Alpha	Α	greek capital letter alpha
	Beta	Β	greek capital letter beta
	Gamma	Γ	greek capital letter gamma
	Delta	Δ	greek capital letter delta
	Epsilon	Ε	greek capital letter epsilon
	Zeta	Ζ	greek capital letter zeta
	Eta	Η	greek capital letter eta
	Theta	Θ	greek capital letter theta
	Iota	Ι	greek capital letter iota
	Kappa	Κ	greek capital letter kappa
	Lambda	Λ	greek capital letter lambda
	Mu	Μ	greek capital letter mu
	Nu	Ν	greek capital letter nu
	Xi	Ξ	greek capital letter xi
	Omicron	Ο	greek capital letter omicron
	Pi	Π	greek capital letter pi
	Rho	Ρ	greek capital letter rho there is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either
	Sigma	Σ	greek capital letter sigma
	Tau	Τ	greek capital letter tau
	Upsilon	Υ	greek capital letter upsilon
	Phi	Φ	greek capital letter phi
	Chi	Χ	greek capital letter chi
	Psi	Ψ	greek capital letter psi
	Omega	Ω	greek capital letter omega
	alpha	α	greek small letter alpha
	beta	β	greek small letter beta
	gamma	γ	greek small letter gamma
	delta	δ	greek small letter delta
	epsilon	ε	greek small letter epsilon
	zeta	ζ	greek small letter zeta
	eta	η	greek small letter eta
	theta	θ	greek small letter theta
	iota	ι	greek small letter iota
	kappa	κ	greek small letter kappa
	lambda	λ	greek small letter lambda
	mu	μ	greek small letter mu
	nu	ν	greek small letter nu
	xi	ξ	greek small letter xi
	omicron	ο	greek small letter omicron
	pi	π	greek small letter pi
	rho	ρ	greek small letter rho
	sigmaf	ς	greek small letter final sigma
	sigma	σ	greek small letter sigma
	tau	τ	greek small letter tau
	upsilon	υ	greek small letter upsilon
	phi	φ	greek small letter phi
	chi	χ	greek small letter chi
	psi	ψ	greek small letter psi
	omega	ω	greek small letter omega
	thetasym	ϑ	greek small letter theta symbol
	upsih	ϒ	greek upsilon with hook symbol
	piv	ϖ	greek pi symbol
	ensp		en space
	emsp		em space
	thinsp		thin space
	zwnj	‌	zero width non-joiner
	zwj	‍	zero width joiner
	lrm	‎	left-to-right mark
	rlm	‏	right-to-left mark
	ndash	–	en dash
	mdash	—	em dash
	lsquo	‘	left single quotation mark
	rsquo	’	right single quotation mark
	sbquo	‚	single low-9 quotation mark
	ldquo	“	left double quotation mark
	rdquo	”	right double quotation mark
	bdquo	„	double low-9 quotation mark
	dagger	†	dagger
	Dagger	‡	double dagger
	bull	•	bullet = black small circle bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator
	hellip	…	horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader
	permil	‰	per mille sign
	prime	′	prime = minutes = feet
	Prime	″	double prime = seconds = inches
	lsaquo	‹	single left-pointing angle quotation mark lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
	rsaquo	›	single right-pointing angle quotation mark rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
	oline	‾	overline = spacing overscore
	frasl	⁄	fraction slash
	euro	€	euro sign
	image	ℑ	blackletter capital I = imaginary part
	weierp	℘	script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p
	real	ℜ	blackletter capital R = real part symbol
	trade	™	trade mark sign
	alefsym	ℵ	alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef, U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters
	larr	←	leftwards arrow
	uarr	↑	upwards arrow
	rarr	→	rightwards arrow
	darr	↓	downwards arrow
	harr	↔	left right arrow
	crarr	↵	downwards arrow with corner leftwardsc = carriage return
	lArr	⇐	leftwards double arrow Unicode does not say that lArr is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow but also does not have any other character for that function. So ? lArr can be used for 'is implied by'
	uArr	⇑	upwards double arrow
	rArr	⇒	rightwards double arrow Unicode does not say this is the 'implies' character but does not have another character with this function so ? rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests
	dArr	⇓	downwards double arrow
	hArr	⇔	left right double arrow
	forall	∀	for all
	part	∂	partial differential
	exist	∃	there exists
	empty	∅	empty set = null set = diameter
	nabla	∇	nabla = backward difference
	isin	∈	element of
	notin	∉	not an element of
	ni	∋	contains as member
	prod	∏	n-ary product = product sign prod is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though the same glyph might be used for both
	sum	∑	n-ary sumation sum is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'greek capital letter sigma' though the same glyph might be used for both
	minus	−	minus sign
	lowast	∗	asterisk operator
	radic	√	square root = radical sign
	prop	∝	proportional to
	infin	∞	infinity
	ang	∠	angle
	and	∧	logical and = wedge
	or	∨	logical or = vee
	cap	∩	intersection = cap
	cup	∪	union = cup
	int	∫	integral
	there4	∴	therefore
	sim	∼	tilde operator = varies with = similar to tilde operator is NOT the same character as the tilde, U+007E, although the same glyph might be used to represent both
	cong	≅	approximately equal to
	asymp	≈	almost equal to = asymptotic to
	ne	≠	not equal to
	equiv	≡	identical to
	le	≤	less-than or equal to
	ge	≥	greater-than or equal to
	sub	⊂	subset of
	sup	⊃	superset of note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U+2283' is not covered by the Symbol font encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry? It is in ISOamsn
	nsub	⊄	not a subset of
	sube	⊆	subset of or equal to
	supe	⊇	superset of or equal to
	oplus	⊕	circled plus = direct sum
	otimes	⊗	circled times = vector product
	perp	⊥	up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular
	sdot	⋅	dot operator dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 middle dot
	lceil	⌈	left ceiling = apl upstile
	rceil	⌉	right ceiling
	lfloor	⌊	left floor = apl downstile
	rfloor	⌋	right floor
	lang	〈	left-pointing angle bracket = bra lang is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than' or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark'
	rang	〉	right-pointing angle bracket = ket rang is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater than' or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark'
	loz	◊	lozenge
	spades	♠	black spade suit black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow
	clubs	♣	black club suit = shamrock
	hearts	♥	black heart suit = valentine
	diams	♦	black diamond suit

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